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Punctuation is used:
To signal grammatical structure:
e.g. commas and full stops used to mark off words, phrases and clauses in a sentence:
However, he was wrong and, once he saw the face, he knew it.
In the garden, the man with the pointed nose turned, revealing his face to all.
To give the reader clues about how to read the text aloud (prosody):
e.g. by using question marks, exclamation marks, brackets and commas:
What on earth are you doing? Put that down, now!
The train came towards them slowly, rumbling, groaning, creaking then stopped.
To highlight semantic units (blocks of meaning):
e.g. by using colons and semi-colons and line divisions in poetry:
To err is human: to forgive, divine.
The shopping we need: a pound of apples; chocolate cake; beer and wine; toilet rolls.
Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind; Drunk with fatigue;
To emphasise meaning through adding a graphic dimension:
e.g. scare quotes, unconventional capitalisation, repeated exclamation marks etc.
My father was a cruel man. He HATED everything I did!!!
(adapted from Crystal, D. 1995 Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language p. 278)
Grammar for Writing Schemes of Work National Association for the Teaching of English (NATE) & Authors
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